Pulmonology is a medical specialty focused on the health of the respiratory system, which includes the lungs, airways, and related structures. It deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions affecting breathing and oxygen exchange in the body. Common pulmonary conditions include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and sleep apnea. These disorders can result from infections, environmental factors, genetic predispositions, or lifestyle choices such as smoking.